三峡库区太阳能资源基本特征及其演变

利用1961-2007年的日照时数建模计算了三峡库区的太阳辐射,在此基础上对库区的太阳能资源作了全面分析和评价。结果表明：库区年总辐射量介于3200～4400MJ/m²,与德国等太阳能利用大国相当;“下游多,上游少”是资源空间分布的基本特征,且在秋、冬季差异更为明显;资源的年变化具有“夏大冬小”的特点,同时呈典型“双峰结构”,最大和次大峰值分别出现在8月和5月;库区上游太阳能季节差异大,而中、下游四季差异相对较小;库区太阳辐射以散射辐射为主（平均为64%）,上游尤其明显;1961-2007年,资源量与直射比均呈明显下降趋势,且在夏、冬季下降尤为显著,分析表明这与轻雾日数和霾日数的增加有关;自20世纪90年代初起,资源量开始回升,有利于库区太阳能的开发利用。     

Risk to humans of consuming metals in anchovy (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Coilia</Emphasis> sp.) from the Yangtze River Delta

Concentrations of metals were determined in four species of anchovy (Coilia sp.) from the Yangtze River, Taihu Lake, and Hongze Lake in Jiangsu Province, China. Concentrations of Cr in anchovy fish muscle ranged from 2.6 × 10⁻² to 5.0 mg/kg ww, and Coilia nasus taihuensis in Jiaoshan, Taihu Lake contained the highest concentrations of Cr, which was almost 111-fold higher than the mean value at other locations. Concentrations of Pb ranged from 1.5 × 10⁻² to 1.3 × 10⁻¹ mg/kg ww. Comparisons of concentrations of lead (Pb) among the four species indicated that anadromous species contained higher concentrations of Pb than did freshwater species. However, concentrations of Pb in C. nasus from the Nanjing and Haimen locations in the Yangtze River were not significant higher than those of two freshwater species: C. nasus taihuensis from Taihu Lake and C. brachygnathus from Hongze Lake (Duncan’s test, α = 0.05). While concentrations of Cd and Zn ranged from 7.0 × 10⁻⁴ to 3.6 × 10⁻³ mg/kg ww and 3.4 to 4.8 mg/kg ww, respectively, there were no significant differences in concentrations among the eight locations. The only concentration of the metals studied that exceeded the Chinese National Standard was Cr in Coilia from Jiaoshan, Taihu Lake, which was 2.5-fold higher than the standard. These results indicate that people who consume the genus Coilia are not at risk due to concentrations of metals, except Cr in C. nasus taihuensis from Jiaoshan in Taihu Lake. Concentrations of all of the metals studied except for Cr were similar to or less than those of metals in most other areas in the world.     

城市扩展与热岛空间分布变化关系研究——以上海为例

随着城市建设区域和格局的迅速改变,城市热岛分布也发生了巨大变化.为了了解城市热岛分布与城市建设的关系,为城市建设同时缓解改善热岛效应奠定基础,文章采用遥感动态监测和GIS多要素空间分析技术,对上海城市90年代以来的城市扩展以及热岛分布变化状况和演变规律进行监测分析,得出城市建设区域的扩大将会导致城市热岛范围和面积的增大,城市扩展与热岛扩展趋势具有空间一致性.同时,通过对上海城市不同温度情况下地面不同介质的比例、面积进行因子权重分析,得出温度越高,其建筑、交通、工业区的比例越大;反之温度越低,农田、耕地等介质的比例越高;表明不同地物对温度分布、强度的影响明显.研究还表明:城市扩展虽会导致热岛范围加大,但如注重环境和绿化建设,则在一定程度上可缓解热岛效应和缩小热岛范围.     

高寒草地土壤保持功能的风洞模拟及其定量评估

青藏高原高寒草地的土壤保持功能对于保护生态环境具有重要的作用。为了研究人类活动不同干扰方式对高寒草地土壤保持功能的影响,利用大型风洞,对不同干扰方式下高寒草甸、草原化草甸和高寒草原3个类型的土壤保持功能定量评估,以侵蚀率作为土壤保持功能的测度指标。实验结果表明,随着风速的增大,3个样品的土壤侵蚀率均呈现增大趋势,但不同处理下侵蚀率的增幅不同。当植被根系破坏后,土壤侵蚀率大小为高寒草甸<草原化草甸<高寒草原,说明,高寒草甸土壤的可蚀性低,高寒草原土壤的可蚀性高,极易遭到破坏。从总体来看,土壤保持功能的强弱依次为高寒草甸>草原化草甸>高寒草原。风蚀前后土壤中有机质和养分含量的变化分析表明,土壤有机质和养分含量显著下降,其中速效K2O的养分含量下降幅度最大。对3个草地类型单位面积土壤保持经济价值进行计算,计算主要包括保持有机碳、保持养分和减少土壤流失对河流湖泊淤积3个方面的价值。结果表明,高寒草原化草甸单位面积的土壤保持价值最高,其次为高寒草甸,高寒草原单位面积土壤保持价值最低。     

森林与径流关系——一致性和复杂性

@论文综述国外近一个世纪以来在配对集水区研究方面所取得的结论,从水的自然属性出发,从森林变化对径流(年径流量、洪峰与枯水径流)的影响,径流响应的干扰临界值及水文恢复各方面探讨森林变化与径流关系的一致性与复杂性。森林变化与径流关系的一致性主要表现在由较长时间尺度表达的年径流量上。绝大多数的配对集水区的试验研究表明,采伐森林就会增加年径流量,而在荒地上造林就会减少年径流量。而由较短时间尺度表达的洪峰径流与枯水流量则呈现较大的复杂性和难预估性。综述表明,对径流特别是洪峰与枯水径流的定义及分析方法的不同也是造成森林与径流关系复杂性的重要原因。森林与径流关系的复杂性要求人们在研究及应用其关系时就必须有系统观,必须考虑植被、径流与其它过程(土壤变化、气候变化等)的相互作用。论文还认为尽管配对集水区试验作为一种研究方法为研究者提供了许多可靠的结论,但由于许多研究者只把集水区看作是“黑箱”Q从而对认识森林与径流关系的复杂性有一定的局限性。未来的研究应把配对集水区的试验与其它对过程的研究技术(同位素、GIS等技术)结合起来。     

Denitrification and phosphorus uptake by DPAOs using nitrite as an electron acceptor by step-feed strategies

Denitrifying phosphorus accumulating organisms (DPAOs) using nitrite as an electron acceptor can reduce more energy. However, nitrite has been reported to have an inhibition on denitrifying phosphorus removal. In this study, the step-feed strategy was proposed to achieve low nitrite concentration, which can avoid or relieve nitrite inhibition. The results showed that denitrification rate, phosphorus uptake rate and the ratio of the phosphorus uptaken to nitrite denitrified (anoxic P/N ratio) increased when the nitrite concentration was 15 mg·L^-1 after step-feeding nitrite. The maximum denitrification rate and phosphorus uptake rate was 12.73 mg NO2-–N·g MLSS-1?h-1 and 18.75 mg PO43-–P·g MLSS-1?h-1, respectively. These rates were higher than that using nitrate (15 mg·L^-1) as an electron acceptor. The maximum anoxic P/N ratio was 1.55 mg PO43--P?mg NO2--N-1. When the nitrite concentration increased from 15 to 20 mg NO2--N?L-1 after addition of nitrite, the anoxic phosphorus uptake was inhibited by 64.85%, and the denitrification by DPAOs was inhibited by 61.25%. Denitrification rate by DPAOs decreased gradually when nitrite (about 20 mg·L^-1) was added in the step-feed SBR. These results indicated that the step-feed strategy can be used to achieve denitrifying phosphorus removal using nitrite as an electron acceptor, and nitrite concentration should be maintained at low level (<15 mg·L^-1 in this study).     

Comparisons of Genetic Diversity in the Endangered Adenophora lobophylla and Its Widespread Congener, A. potaninii

Abstract: Starch-gel electrophoresis was used to examine the levels and distribution of genetic diversity in two Adenophora species: the narrow endangered Adenophora lobophylla and its widespread congener, A. potaninii . Based on allozyme variation at 18 putative loci, we measured high levels of genetic variability both in the endangered and the widespread species, with 83.3% of the loci being polymorphic. The mean expected heterozygosity within populations (   H _ep  ) and within species (   H _es  ) were 0.234 and 0.244 for A. potaninii and were as high as 0.210 and 0.211 for A. lobophylla . There was higher differentiation among populations in A. potaninii (   F _ST = 0.155) than in A. lobophylla (   F _ST = 0.071). The high levels of genetic diversity in the present allozyme survey are consistent with the morphological variation observed in these species and may be attributed to high outcrossing rates in the Adenophora species. In addition, A. lobophylla was identified as a distinct species on the basis of Nei's genetic distances and thus should be given a high priority for protection. It is noteworthy that the endangered A. lobophylla maintains much higher genetic diversity than most endemic or narrowly distributed plant species in spite of its restricted distribution. We hypothesize that A. lobophylla has become endangered for ecological and stochastic reasons, including habitat destruction or environmental changes, mud slides, and human disturbance such as grazing and mowing. Consequently, habitat protection is of particular importance for conserving this endangered species.     

超临界水氧化偏二甲肼废水的研究

用超临界水氧化法对偏二甲肼废水进行了试验研究,结果表明：以02为氧化剂采用该法能有效地氧化分解废水中的偏二甲肼。反应温度、压力和停留时间是影响废水中偏二甲肼分解去除的主要因素,升高温度、压力和延长停留时间都会显著地提高偏二甲肼的去除率。在氧气过量的情况下,改变氧气浓度对废水的COD去除率没有明显影响。当反应温度为550℃、反应压力为30MPa、反应时间大于90 s时,废水的COD去除率高达99．8％。     

石墨探针收集/石墨探针炉原子吸收法直接测定APM中痕量铅

研究一种直接收集并测定大气微粒物质中痕量有害元素铅的新方法,石墨探针直接收集ＡＰＭ后,用石墨探针炉原子吸收法直接测定收集在探针上的ＡＰＭ中痕量铅。方法特征量为４４．００ｐｇ,检出限为４８．３６ｐｇ,,相对标准偏差为３．２２％,铅学度与峰面积吸光度在０－２５０μｇ／Ｌ范围内呈线性关系,测定标准参比材料,其回收率为９４．４２％＿９９．１４％,并成功地测定了大气微粒物质中痕量铅的含量。     

接枝羧基壳聚糖的合成及其对重金属离子的吸附性能

以壳聚糖为基体,经环氧氯丙烷交联,制备了水不溶性交联壳聚糖,然后以Ｆｅ＾２＋－Ｈ２Ｏ２为引发剂,将丙烯腈单体接枝到ＣＣＴＳ分子骨架上,经皂化制得了水溶性接枝羧基壳聚糖聚合物。